What is chalk?
The science behind the handle
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃) is valued for its moisture absorption properties. When applied to the hands, it effectively reduces sweating, thereby increasing friction between the skin and the rock surface. This allows climbers to maintain a secure grip even on difficult routes.
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃) is a white crystalline solid with various physical and chemical properties that make it useful in several industries. It is almost insoluble in water, but reacts with acids to release carbon dioxide, making it useful in applications requiring mild effervescence or buffering capabilities.
As a mineral, it commonly occurs in nature as magnesite and dolomite, contributing to the composition of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Its high thermal stability and ability to resist decomposition at temperatures up to 350°C make it an effective material for fireproofing and as a heat-resistant component in ceramic and glass production.
In sports, MgCO₃ is widely used as a climbing chalk, where it absorbs moisture and improves grip, thereby improving the performance and safety of athletes.
Extraction of magnesium carbonate: methods and global production
Magnesium carbonate used in climbing chalk is traditionally obtained from the mineral magnesite. The mining process begins with the extraction of magnesite ore by open pit or underground methods, depending on the depth and geography of the deposit. Once mined, the ore is crushed and heated to remove impurities, resulting in a high purity magnesium carbonate suitable for a variety of applications, including as a drying agent in rock climbing.
Globally, several countries are major producers of magnesite: China, Russia, Austria, Turkey, Brazil and Australia.
However, the practice of magnesite mining presents worrying results. A study examined the impact of alkaline and metal pollutants from a magnesium factory in Jelšava-Lubeník, Slovakia, on local soil and vegetation. Researchers found that the region, considered one of the most environmentally damaged regions of Slovakia, had highly alkaline soils with toxic levels of chromium, manganese and magnesium. These contaminants negatively affect soil pH, plant diversity and plant cover. Additionally, harmful levels of heavy metals have been detected in soil and plant species, indicating significant environmental contamination.
By understanding the origins and production methods of magnesium carbonate, climbers can make informed choices about the chalk they use. Whether opting for traditionally mined chalk or seawater-derived alternatives, the key is balancing performance needs with environmental responsibility, a consideration that continues to shape the future of climbing equipment.